(Which of the following statements refers to a typical advantage of test automation?)

• A. Automated tests can allow defects to be detected earlier than manual tests because their execution times can be shorter
• B. Automated tests can determine whether actual results match expected results, even for non-machine- interpretable results
• C. Artificial intelligence can be used to help identify redundant tests within large, long-running automated regression test suites
• D. On average, automated tests written at the API level are likely to run faster than automated tests written at the UI level

A TAS is used to run on a test environment a suite of automated regression tests, written at the UI level, on different releases of a web app: all executions complete successfully, always providing correct results (i.e., producing neither false positives nor false negatives). The tests, all independent of each other, consist of executable test scripts based on the flow model pattern which has been implemented in a three-layer TAF (test scripts, business logic, core libraries) by expanding the page object model via the facade pattern. Currently the suite takes too long to run, and the test scripts are considered too long in terms of LOC (Lines of Code).
Which of the following recommendations would you provide for improving the TAS (assuming it is possible to perform all of them)?

• A. Modify the architecture of the SUT to improve its testability and, if necessary, the TAA accordingly
• B. Implement a mechanism to automatically reboot the entire web app in the event of a crash
• C. Modify the TAF so that test scripts are based on the page object model, rather than the flow model pattern
• D. Split the suite into sub-suites and run each of them concurrently on different test environments

An automated test case that should always pass sometimes passes and sometimes fails intermittently (non- deterministic behavior) when executed in the same test environment, even if no code (i.e., SUT code or the test automation code) has been changed. Which of the following statements about the root cause of this non- deterministic behavior is TRUE?

• A. Determining the specified root cause may require, in addition to the TAE, the support of others such as developers and system engineers
• B. The specified root cause must be in the instability of the test environment, since no code has been changed
• C. Determining the specified root cause is certainly easier than if the automated test always fails (deterministic behavior)
• D. The specified root cause is a race condition that can be identified by also analyzing the log files of the test case, the SUT, and the TAF

Some automated regression test scripts run by a TAS in a given test environment make calls to private APIs that require authentication for all requests (the authentication method is the same for all APIs). The SUT is a business-critical system. The following two changes are planned: a change in the authentication method of all APIs and a minor upgrade of the OS (Operating System) in the test environment. You have updated the test scripts to cope with the change in the API authentication method. Which of the following sequences of activities is BEST to ensure that the test scripts are not adversely affected by these changes?

• A. First upgrade the OS, then implement the change in the API authentication method, and finally run all the updated test scripts
• B. Implement one change at a time and run a subset of the updated test scripts after each change, and finally run all the updated test scripts
• C. Implement one change at a time and run a subset of the updated test scripts after each change
• D. First implement the change in the API authentication method, then upgrade the OS, and finally run all the updated test scripts